Endothelial cells line the blood vessels and, therefore, are vital for hemostasis. They are also essential for the transport of cells across the vessels and for maintaining a barrier for the underlying tissue. Their role in inflammation, adhesion, and coagulation has gained attention due to their implication in vascular disorders. Their ubiquitous presence can turn a localized disease into a systemic one. Research on human primary endothelial cells has revealed the adaptation of these cells to tissue. Therefore, each tissue-specific endothelial primary cell is unique in its phenotype and genotype. The varied surface markers can be used to identify subpopulations and target therapeutics. Previously considered as a static barrier, endothelial cells have emerged as key players in health and disease. The scientific studies have grown substantially to develop novel therapeutics based on these cells.

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Kidney epithelial cells line the nephron, the basic functional unit of the kidney. They play a vital role in kidney functions by adapting to its spatial and functional requirements. Therefore, the renal epithelium varies in different segments of the kidney, including the glomerulus, collecting duct and the tubular region (proximal and distal tubules).

These cells are involved in kidney regeneration as well as renal diseases. The development of kidney epithelial cells occurs in the embryo by intermediate mesodermal cells—ureteric bud (U and metanephric mesenchymal (MM) cells. MM cells induce the formation of UB from the Wolffian or nephric duct. Together, both cells form a nephron. UB cells undergo mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition to form kidney epithelial cells.

More research has been going on these cells to study tissue regeneration, physiology, and pathophysiology.

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The lung epithelium shows reduced barrier function and airway remodeling in COPD, drawing interest in the epithelial cells. The tracheal epithelial cells include several key cell types:

• Basal cells: These are cuboidal in shape and regenerate the epithelium after injury.
• Goblet cells: These cells produce mucus rich in mucins, antimicrobial agents, and electrolytes. The mucus helps trap dust, microbes, and other particles.
• Ciliated cells: Their surface is covered with tiny hair-like structures (cilia) that beat in a coordinated fashion to move mucus and trapped particles up and out of the airways.
• Club cells (Clara cells): Found mostly in the bronchioles, these cells play a role in repair after injury and can transform into other types of airway cells as needed.

Basal cells are generally referred to as airway epithelial stem cells owing to their ability to regenerate.

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Three-dimensional (3D) culture of cells is revolutionizing the tissue engineering field. By incorporating the cells and their 3D environment, they provide a better representation of biological systems present in the in vivo settings.

3D cultures integrate structural components of the tissue, thus exhibiting diverse applications. For instance, the screening of drug metabolism, which is physiologically more relevant in the 3D models of tissue engineering. The interaction of cells with their environment can be analyzed in detail in such systems.

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Primary cells have significantly propelled biomedical research. They are directly isolated from the tissue and retain tissue-specific characteristics.
The primary cell culture requires optimized media and protocol for proper growth and survival of cells. Therefore, the research labs require primary cell isolation as well as the culture services from the manufacturer to maintain the cells in the lab.
The culture services include providing specifics of the donor used for primary cell isolation, the adequate cell culture medium for isolated cells, and the necessary reagents for subculture. Additionally, expert guidance from the manufacturer’s team of scientists can improve the culture experience.

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